Uranoscopidae
Uranoscopidae, commonly known as stargazers, constitute a family of perciform fish distinguished by their unique cranial anatomy that positions their eyes atop their heads, which accounts for their nomenclature. The family encompasses approximately 51 species, including one that is extinct, dispersed over eight genera. These species are exclusively marine and have a global distribution across various aquatic realms, from shallow coastal waters to the deeper maritime environments.
Characterized by their pronounced cranial features, stargazers possess a notable upward-oriented mouth situated within a substantially sized head. Their behavior typically involves concealment within the sandy seabed, from which they execute sudden upward strikes to capture their prey, which predominantly includes benthic fish and invertebrates. Certain species within this family exhibit a specialized adaptation in the form of worm-like appendages emanating from the oral cavity, employed as lures to entice their unsuspecting prey. Their morphology includes elongated dorsal and anal fins, while some species may exhibit an absence of dorsal spines. Their size varies considerably, with lengths spanning from 18 cm to the considerable 90 cm observed in the species Kathetostoma giganteum.
The stargazers are recognized for their possession of venomous attributes, evidenced by two robust spines located posterior to the gill covers and superior to the pectoral fins. Notably, species within the genera Astroscopus and Uranoscopus are capable of generating electric shocks – a rare trait among bioelectric organisms. The Astroscopus species boast an electric organ comprised of modified eye muscles, in contrast to the Uranoscopus species, which have acoustic muscle-derived electric organs. These genera illustrate two instances among the eight known independent evolutions of bioelectrogenesis. Singular among electric fish, these genera lack electroreceptors, thus not employing electric fields for prey detection.
In certain regional cuisines, stargazers are considered a culinary specialty, with the assurance that their venom poses no hazardous effects when ingested. They are occasionally available for purchase within select fish markets, typically with their electric organs removed for safety reasons. Stargazers are known for their ambush predatory tactics facilitated by their camouflaging abilities, with some species having the capacity to inflict venomous stings and electric shocks. Ichthyologist William Leo Smith notably described these creatures as amongst the most formidable in the natural world.
