Sky Emperor

Lethrinus mahsena, known as the sky emperor, mahsena emperor, or cutthroat emperor, is a species of high commercial value within the family Lethrinidae, ordered under Spariformes. This non-migratory, reef-associated fish inhabits coral reefs and adjacent sandy and seagrass areas in regions including the 🌊 Red Sea, East Africa, southern 🇯🇵 Japan, and the western 🌊 Indian Ocean. It thrives in waters ranging from 2 to 100 meters in depth.

Typically growing between 35 and 45 cm in length and reaching a maximum of 65 cm, Lethrinus mahsena displays a color palette from yellow to greenish-blue or olive-grey, lightening towards the belly and characterized by vertical bars and a horizontal yellow stripe lattice pattern. The pectoral fins feature a distinct red bar, while the head often exhibits purplish-grey coloring with occasional red patches and prominent red lips. The fish's fins are primarily reddish, intensifying towards the tips.

First described as Sciaena mahsena by Johan Christian Fabricius, this species has undergone significant taxonomic changes. Although some experts classify it within the monotypic subfamily Lethrininae, the current authoritative taxonomy, reflected in the fifth edition of "Fishes of the World," does not recognize traditional subfamilies within Lethrinidae as valid.

Lethrinus mahsena's diet consists predominantly of echinoderms, crustaceans, molluscs, and other invertebrates and fishes. Despite its commercial and recreational fishing significance, the species has faced a 60% population decline over 45 years due to excessive exploitation, leading to its classification as Endangered by the IUCN. This fish is commonly caught using handlines, traps, and trawls, although it can occasionally have an undesirable taste when captured in parts of the 🌊 Indian Ocean.

Extensive studies, such as those conducted by Graham M. Pilling, and other researchers, validate annual growth increments and assess stock levels, emphasizing the species' ecological and economic roles in marine environments.